Genghis Khan
and the Making of the Modern World

He said: I Love Mongolia

by Jack Weatherford Weatherford@macalester.edu

http://www.chinggiscomplex.mn/academy.html
 

His Bestseller book about Mongolia and Genghis Khan

http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/2.html

Genghis Khan and Mongolian soul son

Introduction to:
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World

by Jack Weatherford

New York Times bestseller
Washington Area bestseller

Favorite book of Mongolians
Favorite book of Indian Prime Minister

Delhiin uls ornii hil hyazgaar, uls tur, gun uhaan,
technology, baildah urlag, hudaldaa, huvtsas, urlag,
uran zohiol, hel soyoliin hureend CHingis haan,
Mongoliin ih gurnii uldeesen nulee mash ih. Ene nomond
negen suu bilegt hun delhiin uchuuhen untsegees (bor
gerees)ehlen Delhiin ih gurniig baiguulj orchin uyeiin
tuuhend muree herhen uldeesen uneheeriin gaihamshigt
unen bodit tuuhiin talaar uguuleh bolno.
Chingis haan geheer l bidnii tarhind aluurchin, tsust
yargachin, irgenshsen hugjiltei niigmiig ustgasan
zerleg nuudelchin, moritonii tuhai tuseeldeg. Gevch
unendee bol Chingis khan Aziin soyoliig Europiin
soyoltoi holbon ugch ul tuseelegdem shine technologi,
hudaldaa, oyun sanaanii uriig tarij ugchee.
Chingisiin ongon nutgiig eren haih az tohioson
Professor Jack Weatherfordiin buteeld CHingis haanii
gaihamshit tuuhees, tuunii hojmiin zalgamjlagchid,
tednii baildan daguulal, delhiig herhen uurchilsen
talaar bichsen.
CHingis haan buslen tsohih, hurdtai dairalt,
baildaanii urlag, zevsegiig gaihamshigtaiaar uurchilen
huvsgaj, taliin nuudelchin Mongolchuud Aziig ezelj,
Islamiin yertentsiig muheej, Europiig donsolgoj
chadjee.
100000 tseregees hezee ch hetreegui CHingis haanii
udirdsan Mongoliin tsuuhen tseregt armi Romiin ezent
gurnii 400 jil bolj ezelsen gazar nutag uls ornoos ch
iluu ihiig yerdee 25 han jild ezeljee.
Sibirees Enetheg, Vietnamaas Ungar, SOlongosoos Balkan
hurtelh augaa uudam nutgiig ezelsen Mongoliin ih guren
delhiin gazar zurgiig ahin shineer uildej, salangi
tusgaar haant ulsuuddig negen shine yertentsed
argamjij chadsan tuhai uguulsen.
Zohiolch tsaash ni Mongolchuud baildan daguulaliin
masteruud tudiigui ezent gurnee togtoon barihdaa
uhaalag, tasraltgui bodlogo yavuulsan suu bilegtnuud
baiv gejee. Yamar ch untsegees harsan CHingis haaniig
hemjih hemjuur ni tuuniig hiij buteesen zuil bolno.
CHingis haan tsoo shineer setgegch udirdagch, huchtei
zahirgaa huuliin dor mash olon gurniig zangidsan
anhnii hosgui  udirdagch bugeed shashnii erh chulee,
surguuli soyoliig uusgeh, diplomot yosiig togtoon, hun
ardiig erh chuleetei bolgon, hudaldaanii shine zamiig
neesen. TUunii buteesen hudaldaanii zam ni ashigtai
zah zeeliig buteen, shine technologi, shine mergeshil,
shine sanaag ugsen.
Mongolchuud delhin tuuhend anh udaa tsaasan mungiig,
shuudangiin uilchilgeeg anh nevtruulj, nom hevleh,
uher buu, luujin g.m technologiin huvisaliig hiisen.
MOngolchuud undesniii hool hunsee hereglen, huvtsas,
umdiig heregleh soyoliig delhiid taraasan. Mongolchuud
delhiin tuuhiin gol tsag hugastaand amidraliin shine
zamiin uran barilgachid baijee.
Hargis hertsgii, bichig useggui hemeegdehees uur
tsolgui CHingis haan, nuudelchin Mongolchuudiin unen
tuuhiig Jack.Weatherford uneneer ni uudlan bichjee.
Guivuulsan unen tuuhiig zasan zalruulsan Unge gyalbaa
tsatsruulsan enehuu buteel ni augaa ih udirdagch,
tuunii aldar suu, tuunii egel daruuhan unen dur
turhiig haruulsan. Odogiin bidnii orchin tsagiig
herhen CHingis haan buteesniig dahin ergej shineer
harahiig Weatherfordiin buteel urialan duudaj baina.

Contents
The Mongol Dynasties
Introduction: The Missing Conqueror
Part I: The Reign of Terror on the Steppe: 1162-1206
Chapter 1: The Blood Cot
Chapter 2: Tale of Three Rivers
Chapter 3: War of the Khans
Part II: The Mongol World War: 1211 -1261
Chapter 4: Spitting on the Golden Khan
Chapter 5: Sultan versus Khan
Chapter 6: The Discovery and Conquest of Europe
Chapter 7: Warring Queens
Part III: The Global Awakening: 1262-1962
Chapter 8: Khubilai Khan and the New Mongol Empire
Chapter 9: The Global Awakening
Chapter 10: The Empire of Illusion
Epilogue: The Eternal Spirit of Genghis Khan
Notes
Glossary
Acknowledgements
About the Author

"The Mongols made culture portable. It was not enough to merely exchange goods, because whole systems of knowledge had also to be transported in order to use many of the new products. Drugs, for example, were not profitable items of trade unless there was adequate knowledge of how to use them. Toward this objective, the Mongol court imported Persian and Arab doctors into China, and they exported Chinese doctors to the Middle East. Every form of knowledge carried new possibilities for merchandising."

Mongoliin zaluu uyeiihend zahih ni:
Amin Mongoliin tuuhiig hamgaalan uldeheer
Altan amia duraar zoliosloson
Augaa ih uhaant mergedee
Amid yavaa nasandaa hezee ch buu martaarai.
(Weatherford. Bidend surgamjtai zahias heljee)

Enehuu sur javhlant ezenii ner Chingis khan
Erin zuundaa tereer aldar suugaa manduulj
Ene delhiin haa ch tuunees uur
Egel buhnii shuteen ugui bailaa.
(Yertentsiin eznii domog) Chaucer. c.1935

 

Orshil heseg:

Ereed olohgui Delhiig baildan daguulagch

1937 on. Olon zuunii turshid ezen CHingisee bishren
deedelj, hairlan hamgaalj irsen unen susegt lam nariin
nutag Shanhiin hiidees Saran goliin daguu CHingis
haanii sunh uzegdsengui. 1930 onii uyed Staliniig
tahin shutegchid  lam nariin soyol urlag, suseg
bishreliin esreg udaa daraa turemgiilel uilden
Mongoliin 30.000 lamiig alj huneesen. Eelj daraalan
sum hiidiig suitgen tonoj, lam nariig buudan alj,
gelenmaa nariig doromjilon huchirhiilj, nomiin san,
sudar nom, urlagiin buteeliig galdan shataajee.
Ezen CHingisiin sunsees avral ersen lam nariin ami
nasiig naidvartai hamgaalahaar Ulaanbaatart homoroglon
barivchilj avchirav. Gevch ted hezee ch ergen
irsengui...
Tuv Aziin gund zuunaas zuun damjuulan Munh tengeriin
huchin dor har, tsagaan suldet tsugaa deedlen irsen
taliin malchin baatruud. CHingis haan tsagaan morinii
suuleer hiisen tsagaan suldet tugaa enhiin tsagt
hereglej, har morinii suuleer hiisen har suldet tugaa
dain dajinii uyed hereglej irjee. Ezen CHingisiin
Tsagaan suldet tug tuuhiin urtad alga bolj, har suldet
tugaa Mongolchuud hamgaalan uldjee. 16-r zuund CHingis
haanii udam ugsaa under gegeen Zanabazar suldet tugaa
shiteh zorilgoor Shanhiin hiidiig baiguuljee. Ene
hiidiig zalgamjilan suusan olon lam nar aluulj har har
suldet tug ezengui bolov. \
Suldet tugaa hiih hojimoo delhiin taliig baildan
daguulah mongol morid ezen haand hangalttai baijee.
Balchir huu, hojmiin ih ezen CHingis baga nasandaa
doromjlol, yaduural, ushee avalt, murden mushgeltiin
dund usch, amidraliin uhel muheliin dund baga nasaa
ungereej hatuu hetsuu amidralaas yer busiin har
uhaaniig surchee.
Baga nasandaa duugee huneej, daisandaa olzlogdon,
orgon zugataaj baijee. Baga nasandaa nohoinoos ain
uildag huu hojmiin delhiig daguulsan suut hun bolson.
Amidraldaa chingis haan hoyor ih nuherlel buteesen.
Nasan bagiin unench nuherlel, ider nasnii daisan
boldon Jamuh, hojmiin ih baildan daguulagchidiig
turuulsen nasan turshiin hairt hun Burte hatnaa oljee.

Gobi, Shar murniig gatlan Hyatad gurniig baildan
daguulj, TUrk, Persiig ezelsen. CHingis haanii
baildaanii shildeg urlagiig ezemshin, hund zevsegt
daisnaa hungen zevseg, hurd hucheer amarhan diilj
bailaa. CHingis haan uuriin humuust baildah urlagiig
zaahiin hajuugaar ezelsen gazar nutgaa uyes ueyed,
olon zuunaar, gurvan uyedee udirdan zalah erdmiig
zaajee.
25 han jild Romiin huchirheg gurnii 400 jild ezelsen
gazar nutgaas ch iluu nutag, gurniig ezeljee. Niit
ezelsen ulsiin too, ezelsen gazat nutgiiin hemjee,
niit hun amiin toogoor delhiin tuuhend garsan busad
baildan daguulagchidaas darui hoyor dahin ih bailaa.
Mongol moriton baatruud  morin tuurai hureh gazar,
Nomhon dalain huveenees Gazariin dundad tengis hurtelh
nutgiin usaar moridoo usalj baijee.
Orgil uyedee, Mongoliin ih guren 11-12 saya havtgai
durveljin gazar nutgiig ezelj, Afrik tivees iluu gazar
nutag, Hoit Americ, Canad, Meksic, Kariviin ornuudiig
niiluulsnees ch iluu asar uudam nutgiig ezelj orshjee.

Sibiriin huiten taigaas, Enethegiin haluun bus,
Vietnamiin tsagaan budaat nutgaas Ungariin tarian
talbai, Solongosoos Balkan hurtel telen orshij baijee.

(P.S. Garahdaa ch uhehdee ch ter emeeleesee
hovhordoggui gandan buurahgui huchtei zuun myangahan
moriton) orchin uyeiin gazriin zurgaar bol 30 ulsiig
bagtaasan, 3 terbumiig baildan daguulj chadjee.
13-r zuund CHingis haan delhiin gazriin zurgiig ahin
shineer buteelgesen. Tuunii urlan buteeh uhaan ni had
chuluund bus undestendee orshij baiv.
Mongolchuud Zuun Europiin olon tarhai jijig ulsiidiig,
Oros orniig negen tsul guren bolgon negtgej, zUun Azid
gurvan uyeiin turshid Hyatad gurniig negtgen, udirdan
zalj ih guren baiguulsan.
CHingis haanii Mongoliin ih guren olon irgenshsen
soyolt ulsuudiig negtgen argamjsan. 1162 ond Temuujin
tureh uyed ene olon soyolt ulsuud hursh zergeldee
ulsaa medehgui shahuu bailaa. Hyatadiin tuhai Europ
medehgui, Europiin tuhai Hyatad sonsoogui bailaa. 1227
CHingis haan nasan boloh 65 han jild edgeer uls
gurnuud uur hoorondoo diplomat arga, hudaldaa
naimaagaar salahiin argagui holbogdson bailaa.
Tereer hudaldaanii tatvariig bagasgan, emch, bagsh,
murgelch, bolovsrold zoriulj baiv. CHingis haan ene
olon ulsad zoriulsan negdmel hudaldaanii chuleet
busiig uusgen, too burtgeliin huuli, olon ulsiin
shuudangiin systemiig anh udaa bii bolgojee. CHingis
haan bayan tansag amidaral, ed hurenged shunalgui, uls
gurnii amgalang erhemlen, ard tumend bayalagiig taraaj
baijee. Chingis haan munh tengeriin huchin dor negdsen
negen huuliar olon ulsiiin huuliig bii bolgoson. Ter
tsagt Chingis haanii huuli ihenh uls gurnii
zahiargchaas avaad engiin honichind uilchilj baijee.
Uunii tuld olon urvagch, deeremching ustgaj baiv.
Tereer shashnii erh chuleeg erhemlen, olon undesteng
negtej chadjee. CHingis haan baritsaand avahaas
tatgalzan, tuunii orond diplomat yosiig erhemlen
turiin altan argamjaar gurnee enh amgalan bailgaj
baiv. CHingis haanii Mongoliin ih gurnen 150 jiliin
tursh tsetseglen hugjsen. Tsag hugatsaanii erheer ih
guren olon huvaagdsan ch hojmiin ur udam ni,
jisheelehed Moguliin haant uls Enethegiig 1857 hurtel
zahirch baiva. Angliin huchin irj suulchiin haan
Bahadur (baatar)Shah (haan) II, tuunii hoyor huu,
achiin hamt tolgoig taslah alsnaar Moguliin uls buren
muhjee. CHingis haanii udamiin Alim khanii uls,
(Buhariin ezen) Uzbekstanid Orosiin huvisgal (1920)
hurtel orshijee.
Tuuh bol olonh augaa ih humuusiin uhleer, duuren. 33
nasandaa Ih Alexander haan Babylond aluulj, tuunii
hureelegchid ni ger buliig ni ustgajee. Juli Zesar
zaluugaaraa Romiin senat nart horlogdon uhej, Napoleon
Bonapart ih baildan daguulaliinhaa daraa gantsaardan
uhej bailaa. Harin barag 70 nastai CHingis haan uuriin
hairt humuuseeree hureeluulen aldar suutaigaa hamt
amgalan munhed noirsson. Plani Di Carpini tuuniig
ayangand nirguulj nasan uud bolson gej, CHingis haanii
ach huu Huvalain Mongoliin ih Yuan hurend ailchilsan
Marco Polo nomondoo CHingis haaniig sharhnaas bolj,
zarim eh survalj tuuniig horlogdson gej bichjee. Uur
negen domog bol Tangudiin haanii id shidiin hucheer
uhsen geh medee bii. Bas uur neg ni Tangudiin
olzlogdson hatan tuuniig horloson gejee.
Bor gert turen yertentsiig baildan daguulsan CHingis
haaniig bas haan gertee nasan uud bolson gedeg.
Ih Chingis haaniig nasan uud bolsnii daraa tuunii
ariun shariliig tursen nutagt ni zaljee.
(P.S. ISgelen myangan agtnii tuvergeend noirssoon
CHingis haan,Ingen temee uiluulsan Haldashgui ongon
Deluun boldog)
CHingis haan magadgui delhiin tuuhen deh baildan
daguulagch naraas hamgiin olon guuriig buteesen hun.
Mongolchuud tarhsan gazar nutagtaa hudaldaa ariljaag
neehiin satsuu shine sanaa medlegiig delgeruulj
yavjee. Mongolchuud German uurhaichinf Hyatadad,
Hyatad emchiig Persed avaachsan uls. Parisaas
Mongoliin huurai tald barilga bariulahaar tumerchin
avchirch, Angli yazguurtang gegeeruleh uild yavuulj,
Hyatad huruunii heeg Persed uldeelgej chadsan.
Mongolchuud Hyatadad CHristiin sum barihiig
sanhuujuulj, Buddist sumiig Persid, Muslim Koran
sumiiig Orost bariuljee. Dariig buteen, uher buu
hiijee. CHingis haanii ach huu Hubilai tsaasan mungiig
anh delhiid gargaj, buh huuhded undsen bolovsrol olgoh
anhan shatnii surguuliudiig baiguulsan. Mongolchuud 10
myangan jiliin tsag toonii bichgiig gargan mash unetei
gazriin zurgiig uildsen. Europiin haad, Romiin Poptoi
Mongoliin ih guren haritsaj bailaa. SHine technologi,
medleg, sanaa, hudaldaanii huchin chadal ni Europiin
sergen mandaliig avchirsan. Mongolchuudaas damjin orj
irsen shinechleiin achaar nom hevleh bolomj burden
Angli heleer bichsen anhnii zohiol Geoffrey -n
Canterbury tale buyu Mongolin CHingis haanii tuhai nom
1395 ond hevlegdsen.
 

IN 1937, THE SOUL of Genghis Khan disappeared from the Buddhist monastery in central Mongolia along the River of the Moon below the black Shankh Mountains where the faithful lamas had protected and venerated it for centuries. During the 1930’s, Stalin’s henchmen executed some thirty thousand Mongols in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion. The troops ravaged one monastery after another, shot the monks, assaulted the nuns, broke the religious objects, looted the libraries, burned the scriptures, and demolished the temples. Reportedly, someone secretly rescued the embodiment of Genghis Khan’s soul from the Shankh Monastery and whisked it away for safekeeping to the capital in Ulaanbaatar, where it ultimately disappeared.

Through the centuries on the rolling, grassy steppes of inner Asia, a warrior-herder carried a Spirit Banner, called a sulde, constructed by tying strands of hair from his best stallions to the shaft of a spear, just below its blade. Whenever he erected his camp, the warrior planted the Spirit Banner outside the entrance to proclaim his identity and to stand as his perpetual guardian. The Spirit Banner always remained in the open air beneath the Eternal Blue Sky that the Mongols worshiped. As the strands of hair blew and tossed in the nearly constant breeze of the steppe, they captured the power of the wind, the sky, and the sun, and the banner channeled this power from nature to the warrior. The wind in the horsehair inspired the warrior’s dreams and encouraged him to pursue his own destiny. The streaming and twisting of the horsehair in the wind beckoned the owner ever onward, luring him away from this spot to seek another, to find better pasture, to explore new opportunities and adventures, to create his own fate in his life in this world. The union between the man and his Spirit Banner grew so intertwined that when he died, the warrior’s spirit was said to reside forever in those tufts of horsehair. While the warrior lived, the horsehair banner carried his destiny; in death, it became his soul. The physical body was quickly abandoned to nature, but the soul lived on forever in those tufts of horsehair to inspire future generations.

Genghis Khan had one banner made from white horses to use in peacetime and one made from black horses for guidance in war. The white one disappeared early in history, but the black one survived as the repository of his soul. In the centuries after his death, the Mongol people continued to honor the banner where his soul resided. In the sixteenth century, one of his descendants, the lama Zanabazar, built the monastery with a special mission to fly and protect his banner. Through storms and blizzards, invasions and civil wars, more than a thousand monks of the Yellow Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism guarded the great banner, but they proved no match for the totalitarian politics of the twentieth century. The monks were killed, and the Spirit Banner disappeared.

Fate did not hand Genghis Khan his destiny; he made it for himself. It seemed highly unlikely that he would ever have enough horses to create a Spirit Banner, much less that he might follow it across the world. The boy who became Genghis Khan grew up in a world of excessive tribal violence, including murder, kidnapping, and enslavement. As the son in an outcast family left to die on the steppes, he probably encountered no more than a few hundred people in his entire childhood, and he received no formal education. From this harsh setting, he learned, in dreadful detail, the full range of human emotion: desire, ambition, and cruelty. While still a child he killed his older half brother, was captured and enslaved by a rival clan, and managed to escape from his captors.

Under such horrific conditions, the boy showed an instinct for survival
and self-preservation, but he showed little promise of the achievements he would one day make. As a child, he feared dogs and he cried easily. His younger brother was stronger than he was and a better archer and wrestler; his half brother bossed him around and picked on him. Yet from these degraded circumstances of hunger, humiliation, kidnapping, and slavery, he began the long climb to power. Before reaching puberty, he had already formed the two most important relationships of his life. He swore eternal friendship and allegiance to a slightly older boy who became the closest friend of his youth but turned into the most dedicated enemy of his adulthood, and he found the girl whom he would love forever and whom he made the mother of emperors. The dual capacity for friendship and enmity forged in Genghis Khan’s youth endured throughout his life and became the defining trait of his character. The tormenting questions of love and paternity that arose beneath a shared blanket or in the flickering firelight of the family hearth became projected onto the larger stage of world history. His personal goals, desires, and fears engulfed the world.

Year by year, he gradually defeated everyone more powerful than he was, until he had conquered every tribe on the Mongolian steppe. At the age of fifty, when most great conquerors had already put their fighting days behind them, Genghis Khan’s Spirit Banner beckoned him out of his remote homeland to confront the armies of the civilized people who had harassed and enslaved the nomadic tribes for centuries. In the remaining years of life, he followed that Spirit Banner to repeated victory across the Gobi and the Yellow River into the kingdoms of China, through the central Asian lands of the Turks and the Persians, and across the mountains of Afghanistan to the Indus River.

In conquest after conquest, the Mongol army transformed warfare into an intercontinental affair fought on multiple fronts stretching across thousands of miles. Genghis Khan’s innovative fighting techniques made the heavily armored knights of medieval Europe obsolete, replacing them with disciplined cavalry moving in coordinated units. Rather than relying on defensive fortifications, he made brilliant use of speed and surprise on the battlefield, as well as perfecting siege warfare to such a degree that he ended the era of walled cities. Genghis Khan taught his people not only to fight across incredible distances but to sustain their campaign over years, decades, and, eventually, more than three generations of constant fighting.

In twenty-five years, the Mongol army subjugated more lands and people than the Romans had conquered in four hundred years. Genghis Khan, together with his sons and grandsons, conquered the most densely populated civilizations of the thirteenth century. Whether measured by the total number of people defeated, the sum of the countries annexed, or by the total area occupied, Genghis Khan conquered more than twice as much as any other man in history. The hooves of the Mongol warriors’ horses splashed in the waters of every river and lake from the Pacific Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. At its zenith, the empire covered between 11 and 12 million contiguous square miles, an area about the size of the African continent and considerably larger than North America, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean combined. It stretched from the snowy tundra of Siberia to the hot plains of India, from the rice paddies of Vietnam to the wheat fields of Hungary, and from Korea to the Balkans. The majority of people today live in countries conquered by the Mongols; on the modern map, Genghis Kahn’s conquests include thirty countries with well over 3 billion people. The most astonishing aspect of this achievement is that the entire Mongol tribe under him numbered around a million, smaller than the workforce of some modern corporations. From this million, he recruited his army, which was comprised of no more than one hundred thousand warriors—a group that could comfortably fit into the larger sports stadiums of the modern era.

In American terms, the accomplishment of Genghis Khan might be understood if the United States, instead of being created by a group of educated merchants or wealthy planters, had been founded by one of its illiterate slaves, who, by the sheer force of personality, charisma, and determination, liberated America from foreign rule, united the people, created an alphabet, wrote the constitution, established universal religious freedom, invented a new system of warfare, marched an army from Canada to Brazil, and opened roads of commerce in a free-trade zone that stretched across the continents. On every level and from any perspective, the scale and scope of Genghis Khan’s accomplishments challenge the limits of imagination and tax the resources of scholarly explanation.
http://mongoliabooks.com/thespiritbannerofgenghiskhan.php